Bio Diversity of Sikkim: Flora and Fauna
Flora
Fauna
The state of Sikkim is strategically located in the western extremities of the Eastern Himalayas. Due to its exceptional variation in altitude and climate, the state serves as a natural repository of diverse habitats and ecosystems. Sikkim alone harbours nearly 40% of the biodiversity found in the Indian subcontinent, making it one of the most biologically rich regions in India.
Floral and Faunal Richness
Sikkim exhibits remarkable species richness across both flora and fauna.
The state is home to 4,458 species of flowering plants,
including 525 species of orchids,
58 primulas, and 36 rhododendrons.
Among non-flowering plants, Sikkim supports
506 species of lichens,
480 pteridophytes, and
17 gymnosperms.
Faunal diversity is equally impressive. The state hosts
689 species of butterflies,
1,500 moths,
50 fishes,
50 amphibians,
88 reptiles (71 snakes and 17 lizards),
574 species of birds,
and 169 species of mammals.
Geographical and Climatic Influence
The extraordinary biodiversity of Sikkim is a direct outcome of its unique geographical location, plate tectonic history, and paleoclimatic evolution. Located in the Eastern Himalayas, the state represents a crucial ecological transition zone. Elevation in Sikkim ranges from approximately 300 metres to over 8,000 metres, creating a rare climatic gradient that spans tropical conditions in the lower elevations, temperate climates at mid-altitudes, and arctic cold in the higher reaches. This altitudinal variation supports a wide range of ecosystems and species adaptations.
Forest Cover and Conservation Status
Sikkim has been widely recognised as the ‘Greenest State’ of India. Since 1975, the forest cover of the state has shown a consistent increase due to scientific forest management practices and strict conservation measures. Currently, 47.59% of the total geographical area of Sikkim is under forest cover. This achievement is attributed to strong environmental legislation, effective enforcement mechanisms, and progressive green policies adopted by the state government.Legal Framework for Environmental Protection
Several important Central environmental laws are sincerely implemented in Sikkim, including the Indian Forest Act (1927), Wildlife Protection Act (1972), Forest (Conservation) Act (1980), and the Environment Protection Act (1986). In addition, the state has enacted region-specific legislation such as the Sikkim Forests and Water Courses and Road Reserve (Preservation and Protection) Act, 1988, which further strengthens conservation and sustainable land-use practices.Protected Areas and Wildlife Sanctuaries
The Khangchendzonga National Park (KNP), the first wildlife protected area in Sikkim, was notified as a National Park in 1977. In 1997, it was upgraded to a Biosphere Reserve, covering an area of 2,620 sq. km. On 17 July 2016, the 40th World Heritage Committee inscribed Khangchendzonga National Park as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. In addition, Fambonglho and Kyongnosla Wildlife Sanctuaries, notified in 1984, provide vital refuge to wildlife across different ecological zones.Medicinal Plants of Sikkim
Sikkim is highly endowed with medicinal plant diversity, with approximately 460 species possessing therapeutic value. Increased demand and unsystematic harvesting, however, have placed several species under threat. To address this concern, the Department of Forests, Environment and Wildlife Management, Government of Sikkim, established the State Medicinal Plants Board in 2002. Strict regulations now prohibit the collection and commercial transit of medicinal plants from the wild, contributing to their conservation and replenishment.Reference: Gazetteer of Sikkim, 2013.